The pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can cause significant functional complications by affecting the sacroiliac joints and axial skeleton. Despite a longstanding knowledge about the familial associations of this disease, particularly among patients positive for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27, the fundamental pathogenetic mechanism by which this disease arises in genetically susceptible individuals remains ill defined. Furthermore, the molecular predilection for characteristic articular site involvement remains under ongoing investigation. Current theories about the HLA-B27 association range from the presentation of novel arthritogenic peptides, to abnormal autoimmune stimulation, to anomalous microbial tolerance. The immune effectors of this damage include CD4+, CD8+, and natural killer cells, with marked heterogeneity at different sites. Biomechanical stresses may trigger this disease by exposing the body to previously immune-sequestered autoantigens or by providing a route for bacterial seeding. Environmental triggers such as infection have not been definitively established but may represent a primary pathogenic step in a molecular-mimicry process. In this article, the authors review the current literature on the origin and pathophysiology of AS, focusing on genetic and molecular associations, consequent pathomechanisms, and associated triggers. An improved understanding of the sequence of molecular events that predispose and initiate the onset of this disease will allow for more specific and targeted therapy and better avoidance of the significant side effects of systemic immunomodulation.