Diagnostic Value of Serum Levels of GFAP, pNF-H, and NSE Compared With Clinical Findings in Severity Assessment of Human Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Study Design. An analytical cohort study. Objective. This study aimed to evaluate severity of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) based on the serum levels of phosphorylated form of heavy subunit of neurofilament (pNF-H), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which are axonal, neural cell body, and glial cell injury markers, respectively. Summary of Background Data. Prior studies have reported elevated serum levels of pNF-H, NSE, and GFAP as biomarkers for the detection of traumatic SCI in animals. However, in this study, these biomarkers were studied in humans and with an extended level of timing. Methods. The study included 35 patients with SCI with a mean age of 36.5 years. All patients were evaluated using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale, followed by examinations including radiography and spinal computed tomography for determining the injury level. Serum levels of NSE, pNF-H, and GFAP were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. The mean serum level of GFAP was significantly higher in patients with SCI than in the control group. Mean serum levels of pNF-H and NSE were significantly higher during 24 and 48 hours after injury in patients with SCI than in the control group. The serum level of GFAP was appropriate for estimating the severity of SCI in the first 24 hours after injury. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that increased serum levels of GFAP, NSE, and pNF-H can be used for the diagnosis and degree of SCI severity in trauma patients. During 48 hours after injury, estimation of serum levels of pNF-H, NSE, and GFAP, combined with neurological testing, could predict the presence of SCI and severity prior to spinal computed tomography and surgical or conservative interventions. Level of Evidence: 2