Journal
NEUROLOGY
Volume 77, Issue 4, Pages 371-379Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318227062a
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Funding
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society of the United States of America
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia
- ANZ William Buckland Foundation
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia
- The Royal Australasian College of Physicians
- Australian Research Council
- Merck Co., Inc.
- CSL Behring
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Bayer Schering Pharma
- Merck Serono
- Biogen Idec
- MS Research Australia
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society
- Poola Foundation
- Health Research Council of New Zealand
- National MS Society of USA
- MS Society of Tasmania
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Objectives: To assess risk of a first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination (FCD) in relation to measures of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection within the context of other known risk factors. Methods: This was a multicenter incident case-control study. FCD cases (n = 282) aged 18-59 years and controls (n = 558, matched on age, sex, and region) were recruited from 4 Australian centers between November 1, 2003, and December 31, 2006. A nested study (n = 215 cases, n = 216 controls) included measurement of whole blood quantitative EBV DNA load and serum EBV-specific antibodies. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze case-control differences. Results: There were no significant case-control differences in the proportion with detectable EBV DNA (55.8% vs 50.5%, respectively, p = 0.28), or in quantitative EBV DNA load (p = 0.33). Consistent with previous work, higher anti-EBV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers and a history of infectious mononucleosis were associated with increased FCD risk and there was an additive interaction with HLA-DRB1*1501 status. We found additional interactions between high anti-EBNA IgG titer and SNPs in HLA-A (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] = 19.84 [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.95 to 66.21] for both factors compared to neither) and CTLA-4 genes (AOR = 0.31 [ 95% CI 0.13 to 0.76] for neither factor compared to both). EBV DNA load was lower at higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in controls (r = -0.17, p = 0.01). An adverse effect of higher EBV DNA load on FCD risk was increased with higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (p interaction] = 0.02). Conclusion: Past infection with EBV, but not current EBV DNA load in whole blood, is significantly associated with increased FCD risk. These associations appear to be modified by immune-related gene variants. Neurology (R) 2011; 77: 371-379
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