Urinary trypsin inhibitor suppresses excessive superoxide anion radical generation in blood, oxidative stress, early inflammation, and endothelial injury in forebrain ischemia/reperfusion rats

Objectives: To investigate the effects of ulinastatin, a urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), on jugular venous superoxide radical (O-2 center dot) generation, oxidative stress, early inflammation, and endothelial activation in forebrain ischemia/reperfusion (FBI/R) rats. Methods: Fourteen Wistar rats were allocated to a control group (n = 5 7) and a UTI group (n 5 7). Throughout the experiments, O-2(-)center dot in the jugular vein was measured by the produced current using a novel electrochemical O-2(-)center dot sensor. Forebrain ischemia was induced by occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries with hemorrhagic hypotension for 20 min, followed by reperfusion. In the UTI group, UTI (5 U/g) was administered intravenously immediately after reperfusion. At 60 min after reperfusion, plasma and brain were harvested, and malondialdehyde, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured. Results: O-2(-)center dot current increased gradually during forebrain ischemia in both groups. The current increased markedly in the control group immediately after reperfusion but was significantly attenuated in the UTI group after reperfusion. Brain and plasma malondialdehyde, HMGB1, and ICAM-1 were significantly attenuated in the UTI group compared with those in the control group, except for brain HMGB1, which was associated with the amount of O-2 center dot generated during FBI/R. Discussion: UTI suppressed jugular venous O-2(-)center dot generation, oxidative stress, early inflammation, and endothelial activation in FBI/R rats. Therefore, UTI might be a useful agent for the therapy of the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion pathophysiology.