Journal
NEUROIMAGE
Volume 59, Issue 2, Pages 1960-1967Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.011
Keywords
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Funding
- National Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)
- Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI)
- Ontario Innovation Trust
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While there is some consensus that cognitive control involves both a capacity to rapidly adjust to unexpected challenges and a capacity to prospectively maintain task-sets over longer timescales, there is disagreement concerning the neural implementation of these capacities. Some accounts, for example, associate rapid adjustments in control with a network of lateral prefrontal and parietal cortices and task-set maintenance with a network of anterior cingulate and insular cortices. Other accounts propose almost the opposite associations. The present study compared these accounts by means of a hybrid fMRI design. Twenty-three right-handed adults were administered a conflict-adaptation paradigm in which the frequency of compatible trials, and therefore, demands on rapid adjustments and stable task-set maintenance, varied parametrically across conditions. Increased demands on moment-to-moment adjustments were associated with a profile of phasic activity in anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and inferior parietal cortex. By contrast, increased demands on stable task-set maintenance were associated with increased sustained activity in medial superior frontal gyrus. Theoretical implications are discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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