The role of amino acid transporters in GSH synthesis in the blood-brain barrier and central nervous system

Glutathione (GSH) plays a critical role in protecting cells from oxidative stress and xenobiotics, as well as maintaining the thiol redox state, most notably in the central nervous system (CNS). GSH concentration and synthesis are highly regulated within the CNS and are limited by availability of the sulfhydryl amino acid (AA) L-cys, which is mainly transported from the blood, through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and into neurons. Several antiporter transport systems (e.g., x(c)(-), x(AG)(-), and L) with clearly different luminal and abluminal distribution, Na+, and pH dependency have been described in brain endothelial cells (BEC) of the BBB, as well as in neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes from different brain structures. The purpose of this review is to summarize information regarding the different AA transport systems for L-cys and its oxidized form L-cys(2) in the CNS, such as expression and activity in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons and environmental factors that modulate transport kinetics. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.