Journal
NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE
Volume 54, Issue -, Pages 320-328Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.01.002
Keywords
Ginsenoside Rd; Tau phosphorylation; Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta; Protein phosphatase-2A; Alzheimer's disease
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [31170801, 81070950, 81171236]
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Neurofibrillary tangles are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau that are one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau phosphorylation is regulated by a balance of kinase and phosphatase activities. Our previous study has demonstrated that ginsenoside Rd, one of the principal active ingredients of Pana notoginseng, inhibits okadaic acid-induced tau phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro, but the underlying mechanism(s) is unknown. In this study, we showed that ginsenoside Rd pretreatment inhibited tau phosphorylation at multiple sites in beta-amyloid (A beta)-treated cultured cortical neurons, and in vivo in both a rat and transgenic mouse model. Ginsenoside Rd not only reduced A beta-induced increased expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3 beta), the most important kinase involved in tau phosphorylation, but also inhibited its activity by enhancing and attenuating its phosphorylation at Ser9 and Tyr216, respectively. Moreover, ginsenoside Rd enhanced the activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP-2A), a key phosphatase involved in tau dephosphorylation. Finally, an in vitro biochemical assay revealed that ginsenoside Rd directly affected GSK-3 beta and PP-2A activities. Thus, our findings provide the first evidence that ginsenoside Rd attenuates A beta-induced pathological tau phosphorylation by altering the functional balance of GSK-3 beta and PP-2A. (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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