Journal
NEPHROLOGY DIALYSIS TRANSPLANTATION
Volume 25, Issue 7, Pages 2077-2089Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq252
Keywords
cardio-renal; chronic kidney disease; heart failure; ischaemic heart disease; renal failure
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Many patients with heart failure have underlying renal dysfunction, and similarly, patients with kidney failure are prone to cardiac failure. This has led to the concept of cardio-renal syndromes, which can be an acute or chronic cardio-renal syndrome, when cardiac failure causes deterioration in renal function, or acute and/or chronic Reno-Cardiac syndrome, when renal dysfunction leads to cardiac failure. Patients who develop these syndromes have increased risk of hospital admission and mortality. Although there are clinical guidelines for managing both heart failure and chronic kidney disease, there are no agreed guidelines for managing patients with cardio-renal and/or Reno-Cardiac syndromes, as these patients have typically been excluded from clinical trials. We have therefore reviewed the currently available published literature to outline a consensus of current best clinical practice for these patients.
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