Journal
NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Volume 19, Issue 10, Pages 991-U38Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2375
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Funding
- Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
- US National Institutes of Health [2 P01 GM072694-06A1]
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Exocytosis of neurosecretory vesicles is mediated by the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins syntaxin-1, synaptobrevin and SNAP-25, with synaptotagmin functioning as the major Ca2+ sensor for triggering membrane fusion. Here we show that bovine chromaffin granules readily fuse with large unilamellar liposomes in a SNARE-dependent manner. Fusion is enhanced by Ca2+, but only when the target liposomes contain phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate and when polyphosphate anions, such as nucleotides or pyrophosphate, are present. Ca2+-dependent enhancement is mediated by endogenous synaptotagmin-1. Polyphosphates operate by an electrostatic mechanism that reverses an inactivating cis association of synaptotagmin-1 with its own membrane without affecting trans binding. Hence, the balancing of trans- and cis-membrane interactions of synaptotagmin-1 could be a crucial element in the pathway of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis.
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