Journal
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
Volume 12, Issue 8, Pages 563-574Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3309
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Funding
- US National Institutes of Health (NIH) [R01 AI097052, R01 DA036298, P01 AI0178897, P30 AI060354]
- Massachusetts General Hospital Executive Committee on Research (MGH ECOR) Tosteson Postdoctoral Fellowship Award
- NIH training grant [T32 AI007387]
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) [NIH 5P30AI060354-09]
- pilot grant from the Center for Human Immunology [NIH U19 AI082630]
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [SFB 638, SFB 1129]
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In vitro studies in primary or immortalized cells continue to be used to elucidate the essential principles that govern the interactions between HIV-1 and isolated target cells. However, until recently, substantial technical barriers prevented this information from being efficiently translated to the more complex scenario of HIV-1 spread in the host in vivo, which has limited our understanding of the impact of host physiological parameters on the spread of HIV-1. In this Review, we discuss the recent development of imaging approaches to visualize HIV-1 spread and the adaptation of these approaches to organotypic ex vivo models and animal models. We focus on new concepts, including the mechanisms and in vivo relevance of cell-cell transmission for HIV-1 spread and the function of the HIV-1 pathogenesis factor Nef, which have emerged from the application of these integrative approaches in complex cell systems.
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