Journal
NATURE PHOTONICS
Volume 8, Issue 12, Pages 950-957Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/NPHOTON.2014.278
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Funding
- German cluster of excellence 'Munich-Centre for Advanced Photonics'
- BACATEC programme
- The International Max Planck Research School on Advanced Photon Science
- Marie Curie fellowship
- US DOE [DE-FG02-04ER15614]
- National Science Foundation (NSF) [PHY-1004778]
- US Department of Energy/Basic Energy Sciences (US DOE/BES) [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
- Science Foundation Ireland [12/IA/1742]
- European Research Council Starting Grant
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Short-wavelength free-electron lasers are now well established as essential and unrivalled sources of ultrabright coherent X-ray radiation. One of the key characteristics of these intense X-ray pulses is their expected few-femtosecond duration. No measurement has succeeded so far in directly determining the temporal structure or even the duration of these ultrashort pulses in the few-femtosecond range. Here, by deploying the so-called streaking spectroscopy technique at the Linac Coherent Light Source, we demonstrate a non-invasive scheme for temporal characterization of X-ray pulses with sub-femtosecond resolution. This method is independent of photon energy, decoupled from machine parameters, and provides an upper bound on the X-ray pulse duration. We measured the duration of the shortest X-ray pulses currently available to be on average no longer than 4.4 fs. Analysing the pulse substructure indicates a small percentage of the free-electron laser pulses consisting of individual high-intensity spikes to be on the order of hundreds of attoseconds.
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