Journal
NATURE MEDICINE
Volume 20, Issue 6, Pages 607-615Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nm.3541
Keywords
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Funding
- US National Institutes of Health Transformative [R01 CA156695]
- US National Cancer Institute (NCI) [T32 CA009140]
- Ovarian Cancer Research Fund
- NCI [R25 CA101871]
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We describe a new mechanism regulating the tumor endothelial barrier and T cell infiltration into tumors. We detected selective expression of the death mediator Fas ligand (FasL, also called CD95L) in the vasculature of human and mouse solid tumors but not in normal vasculature. In these tumors, FasL expression was associated with scarce CD8(+) infiltration and a predominance of FoxP3(+) T regulatory (T-reg) cells. Tumor-derived vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) cooperatively induced FasL expression in endothelial cells, which acquired the ability to kill effector CD8(+) T cells but not T-reg cells because of higher levels of c-FLIP expression in T-reg cells. In mice, genetic or pharmacologic suppression of FasL produced a substantial increase in the influx of tumor-rejecting CD8(+) over FoxP3(+) T cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of VEGF and PGE(2) produced a marked increase in the influx of tumor-rejecting CD8(+) over FoxP3(+) T cells that was dependent on attenuation of FasL expression and led to CD8-dependent tumor growth suppression. Thus, tumor paracrine mechanisms establish a tumor endothelial death barrier, which has a critical role in establishing immune tolerance and determining the fate of tumors.
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