Journal
NATURE MEDICINE
Volume 18, Issue 12, Pages 1841-+Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nm.2995
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Funding
- National Cancer Institute of the US National Institutes of Health [5R01CA135109-02]
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute of the US National Institutes of Health [U01HL100397, RC2HL103400, K99HL098688]
- Stanford Graduate Fellowship
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In vivo real-time epifluorescence imaging of mouse hind limb vasculatures in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II) is performed using single-walled carbon nanotubes as fluorophores. Both high spatial (similar to 30 mu m) and temporal (<200 ms per frame) resolution for small-vessel imaging are achieved at 1-3 mm deep in the hind limb owing to the beneficial NIR-II optical window that affords deep anatomical penetration and low scattering. This spatial resolution is unattainable by traditional NIR imaging (NIR-I) or microscopic computed tomography, and the temporal resolution far exceeds scanning microscopic imaging techniques. Arterial and venous vessels are unambiguously differentiated using a dynamic contrast-enhanced NIR-II imaging technique on the basis of their distinct hemodynamics. Further, the deep tissue penetration and high spatial and temporal resolution of NIR-II imaging allow for precise quantifications of blood velocity in both normal and ischemic femoral arteries, which are beyond the capabilities of ultrasonography at lower blood velocities.
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