Journal
NATURE MATERIALS
Volume 13, Issue 5, Pages 501-507Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3920
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Funding
- National Science Foundation through the MIT Center for Materials Science and Engineering [DMR-0819762]
- US Army Research Office through the MIT Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies [W911NF-07-D-0004]
- National Security Science and Engineering Faculty Fellowship Program [N00244-09-1-0064]
- Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
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Hierarchical composite materials design in biological exoskeletons achieves penetration resistance through a variety of energy-dissipating mechanisms while simultaneously balancing the need for damage localization to avoid compromising the mechanical integrity of the entire structure and to maintain multi-hit capability. Here, we show that the shell of the bivalve Placuna placenta (similar to 99 wt% calcite), which possesses the unique optical property of similar to 80% total transmission of visible light, simultaneously achieves penetration resistance and deformation localization via increasing energy dissipation density (0.290 +/- 0.072 nJ mu m(3)) by approximately an order of magnitude relative to single-crystal geological calcite (0.034 +/- 0.013 nJ mu m(3)). P. placenta, which is composed of a layered assembly of elongated diamond-shaped calcite crystals, undergoes pervasive nanoscale deformation twinning (width similar to 50 nm) surrounding the penetration zone, which catalyses a series of additional inelastic energy dissipating mechanisms such as interfacial and intracrystalline nanocracking, viscoplastic stretching of interfacial organic material, and nanograin formation and reorientation.
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