Journal
NATURE CELL BIOLOGY
Volume 10, Issue 5, Pages 575-583Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/ncb1720
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Funding
- NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG020961, R01 AG009521, AG009521, R01 AG024987, R37 AG009521, AG024987, AG020961] Funding Source: Medline
- NICHD NIH HHS [HD018179, R01 HD018179] Funding Source: Medline
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Transplanted bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) have been reported to fuse with cells of diverse tissues(1-13), but the extremely low frequency of fusion has led to the view that such events are biologically insignificant. Nonetheless, in mice with a lethal recessive liver disease ( tyrosinaemia), transplantation of wildtype BMDCs restored liver function by cell fusion and prevented death(3,9), indicating that cell fusion can have beneficial effects. Here we report that chronic inflammation resulting from severe dermatitis or autoimmune encephalitis leads to robust fusion of BMDCs with Purkinje neurons and formation of hundreds of binucleate heterokaryons per cerebellum, a 10-100- fold higher frequency than previously reported(8,10,11,14). Single haematopoietic stem-cell transplants showed that the fusogenic cell is from the haematopoietic lineage and parabiosis experiments revealed that fusion can occur without irradiation. Transplantation of rat bone marrow into mice led to activation of dormant rat Purkinje neuron-specific genes in BMDC nuclei after fusion with mouse Purkinje neurons, consistent with nuclear reprogramming. The precise neurological role of these heterokaryons awaits elucidation, but their frequency in brain after inflammation is clearly much higher than previously appreciated.
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