Journal
NATURE
Volume 506, Issue 7487, Pages 225-+Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nature13025
Keywords
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Categories
Funding
- Lundbeck Foundation
- Danish National Research Foundation [DNRF94]
- US National Science Foundation [DBI-1103639]
- Swiss National Science foundation
- National Science Foundation (NSF) [DGE-1147470]
- European Regional Development Fund through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics
- Estonian Basic Research [SF0270177As08]
- Estonian Science Foundation [8973]
- SNIC-UPPMAX [b2012063]
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [P25032, BB/H005854/1]
- North Star Archaeological Research Program, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas AM University
- E. Hill
- Stafford Research, Inc.
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
- Division Of Mathematical Sciences [1201234] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/H008802/1, BB/H005854/1, BB/H008802/2] Funding Source: researchfish
- Villum Fonden [00007171] Funding Source: researchfish
- BBSRC [BB/H008802/2, BB/H008802/1, BB/H005854/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Clovis, with its distinctive biface, blade and osseous technologies, is the oldest widespread archaeological complex defined in North America, dating from 11,100 to 10,700 C-14 years before present (BP) (13,000 to 12,600 calendar years BP)(1,2). Nearly 50 years of archaeological research point to the Clovis complex as having developed south of the North American ice sheets from an ancestral technology(3). However, both the origins and the genetic legacy of the people who manufactured Clovis tools remain under debate. It is generally believed that these people ultimately derived from Asia and were directly related to contemporary Native Americans(2). An alternative, Solutrean, hypothesis posits that the Clovis predecessors emigrated from southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum(4). Here we report the genome sequence of a male infant (Anzick-1) recovered from the Anzick burial site in western Montana. The human bones date to 10,705 +/- 35 C-14 years BP (approximately 12,707-12,556 calendar years BP) and were directly associated with Clovis tools. We sequenced the genome to an average depth of 14.4x and show that the gene flow from the Siberian Upper Palaeolithic Mal'ta population(5) into Native American ancestors is also shared by the Anzick-1 individual and thus happened before 12,600 years BP. We also show that the Anzick-1 individual is more closely related to all indigenous American populations than to any other group. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that Anzick-1 belonged to a population directly ancestral to many contemporary Native Americans. Finally, we find evidence of a deep divergence in Native American populations that predates the Anzick-1 individual.
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