Journal
NATURE
Volume 513, Issue 7518, Pages 409-+Publisher
NATURE PORTFOLIO
DOI: 10.1038/nature13673
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Funding
- DFG [KR 4015/1-1]
- Carl-Zeiss Foundation
- Baden Wurttemberg Foundation
- Max Planck Society
- NSERC
- NSF [OCI-1053575]
- RFBR [13-06-00670, 13-04-01711, 13-04-90420]
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program of the Presidium, Russian Academy of Sciences
- OTKA [73430, 103983]
- Finnish Professorpool (Paulo Foundation) Grant
- LITGEN project - European Social Fund under Global Grant Measure [VP1-3.1-SMM-07-K-01-013]
- Ukrainian SFFS grant [F53.4/071]
- NIH [8DP1ES022577-04, GM40282, HG004120, HG002385, GM100233]
- NSF HOMINID [BCS-0827436, BCS-1032255]
- Indian CSIR Network Project [BSC0121]
- Indian CSIR Bhatnagar Fellowship
- European Union Regional Development Fund through Centre of Excellence in Genomics
- University of Tartu
- Estonian Basic Research grant [SF0270177As08]
- Estonian Science Foundation [8973]
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health [HHSN26120080001E]
- NIH, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research
- [SAF2011-26983]
- [EM2012/045]
- Division Of Behavioral and Cognitive Sci
- Direct For Social, Behav & Economic Scie [1032255] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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We sequenced the genomes of a similar to 7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight similar to 8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes(1-4) with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians(3), who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had similar to 44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages.
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