Journal
NATURE
Volume 491, Issue 7426, Pages 705-710Publisher
NATURE RESEARCH
DOI: 10.1038/nature11650
Keywords
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Categories
Funding
- UK Biological and Biotechnological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [BB/G012865, BB/G013985/1, BB/G013004/1]
- Wolfson Merit Award from the Royal Society
- BBSRC Strategic Programme [B/J004588/1]
- EC TriticeaeGenome grant [212019]
- TRITEX Project of the Plant20130 Initiative of the German Ministry of Education and Research grant [0315954C]
- EC Transplant Grant [283496]
- BBSRC Career Development Fellowship [BB/H022333/1]
- US NSF [IOS-1032105, DBI-0923128, DBI-0701916, DBI-0822100]
- USDA-NIFA [2008-35300-04588]
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/G013004/1, BB/G024650/1, BB/I02347X/1, BB/G013985/1, BB/H022333/1, BBS/E/T/000PR6193, BB/E004725/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [G0900753] Funding Source: researchfish
- BBSRC [BB/H022333/1, BB/G024650/1, BBS/E/T/000PR6193, BB/G013004/1, BB/E004725/1, BB/I02347X/1, BB/G013985/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- MRC [G0900753] Funding Source: UKRI
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems [1032105] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems [0822100] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- NIFA [2008-35300-04588, 583116] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
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Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally important crop, accounting for 20 per cent of the calories consumed by humans. Major efforts are underway worldwide to increase wheat production by extending genetic diversity and analysing key traits, and genomic resources can accelerate progress. But so far the very large size and polyploid complexity of the bread wheat genome have been substantial barriers to genome analysis. Here we report the sequencing of its large, 17-gigabase-pair, hexaploid genome using 454 pyrosequencing, and comparison of this with the sequences of diploid ancestral and progenitor genomes. We identified between 94,000 and 96,000 genes, and assigned two-thirds to the three component genomes (A, B and D) of hexaploid wheat. High-resolution synteny maps identified many small disruptions to conserved gene order. We show that the hexaploid genome is highly dynamic, with significant loss of gene family members on polyploidization and domestication, and an abundance of gene fragments. Several classes of genes involved in energy harvesting, metabolism and growth are among expanded gene families that could be associated with crop productivity. Our analyses, coupled with the identification of extensive genetic variation, provide a resource for accelerating gene discovery and improving this major crop.
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