Journal
NATURE
Volume 484, Issue 7394, Pages 351-354Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nature11068
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Funding
- US NSF
- Office of Polar Programs
- US NSF, Physics Division
- University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
- GLOW
- OSG grids
- US DOE, NERSCC
- LONI grid
- NSERC, Canada
- Swedish Research Council
- Swedish Polar Research Secretariat
- SNIC
- K. and A. Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden
- German Ministry for Education and Research, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Research Department of Plasmas
- Complex Interactions (Bochum), Germany
- FSR
- FWO Odysseus
- IWT
- BELSPO, Belgium
- University of Oxford, UK
- Marsden Fund, New Zealand
- Australian Research Council
- JSPS, Japan
- SNSF, Switzerland
- Capes Foundation, Brazil
- NSF GRFP
- STFC [ST/J000507/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Science and Technology Facilities Council [ST/J000507/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [0969661, 0855241] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
- Division Of Physics [0855486, 1205403] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Physics [0855241, 0969661] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Physics
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [0856253] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [22340048, 10J40081] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Very energetic astrophysical events are required to accelerate cosmic rays to above 10(18) electronvolts. GRBs (c-ray bursts) have been proposed as possible candidate sources(1-3). In the GRB 'fireball' model, cosmic-ray acceleration should be accompanied by neutrinos produced in the decay of charged pions created in interactions between the high-energy cosmic-ray protons and gamma-rays(4). Previous searches for such neutrinos found none, but the constraints were weak because the sensitivity was at best approximately equal to the predicted flux(5-7). Here we report an upper limit on the flux of energetic neutrinos associated with GRBs that is at least a factor of 3.7 below the predictions(4,8-10). This implies either that GRBs are not the only sources of cosmic rays with energies exceeding 10(18) electronvolts or that the efficiency of neutrino production is much lower than has been predicted.
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