UBCH7 reactivity profile reveals parkin and HHARI to be RING/HECT hybrids

Although the functional interaction between ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin ligases (E3s) is essential in ubiquitin (Ub) signalling, the criteria that define an active E2-E3 pair are not well established. The human E2 UBCH7 (also known as UBE2L3) shows broad specificity for HECT-type E3s(1), but often fails to function with RING E3s in vitro despite forming specific complexes(2-4). Structural comparisons of inactive UBCH7-RING complexes with active UBCH5-RING complexes reveal no defining differences(3,4), highlighting a gap in our understanding of Ub transfer. Here we show that, unlike many E2s that transfer Ub with RINGs, UBCH7 lacks intrinsic, E3-independent reactivity with lysine, explaining its preference for HECTs. Despite lacking lysine reactivity, UBCH7 exhibits activity with the RING-inbetween-RING (RBR) family of E3s that includes parkin (also known as PARK2) and human homologue of ariadne (HHARI; also known as ARIH1)(5,6). Found in all eukaryotes(7), RBRs regulate processes such as translation(8) and immune signalling(9). RBRs contain a canonical C3HC4-type RING, followed by two conserved Cys/His-rich Zn2+-binding domains, in-between-RING (IBR) and RING2 domains, which together define this E3 family(7). We show that RBRs function like RING/HECT hybrids: they bind E2s via a RING domain, but transfer Ub through an obligate thioester-linked Ub (denoted Ub), requiring a conserved cysteine residue in RING2. Our results define the functional cadre of E3s for UBCH7, an E2 involved in cell proliferation(10) and immune function(11), and indicate a novel mechanism for an entire class of E3s.