Journal
NATURE
Volume 466, Issue 7302, Pages 56-U66Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nature09177
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Funding
- Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-06CH11357, DE-FG02-04ER15614, DE-FG02-92ER14299]
- US Department of Energy, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory [DE-AC52-07NA27344]
- Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
- Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences Division and Division of Materials Science and Engineering
- US Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-FG02-92ER14299] Funding Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
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An era of exploring the interactions of high-intensity, hard X-rays with matter has begun with the start-up of a hard-X-ray free-electron laser, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Understanding how electrons in matter respond to ultra-intense X-ray radiation is essential for all applications. Here we reveal the nature of the electronic response in a free atom to unprecedented high-intensity, short-wavelength, high-fluence radiation (respectively 10(18) W cm(-2), 1.5-0.6 nm, similar to 10(5) X-ray photons per angstrom(2)). At this fluence, the neon target inevitably changes during the course of a single femtosecond-duration X-ray pulse-by sequentially ejecting electrons-to produce fully-stripped neon through absorption of six photons. Rapid photoejection of inner-shell electrons produces 'hollow' atoms and an intensity-induced X-ray transparency. Such transparency, due to the presence of inner-shell vacancies, can be induced in all atomic, molecular and condensed matter systems at high intensity. Quantitative comparison with theory allows us to extract LCLS fluence and pulse duration. Our successful modelling of X-ray/atom interactions using a straightforward rate equation approach augurs favourably for extension to complex systems.
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