Journal
NATURE
Volume 459, Issue 7247, Pages 663-U63Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nature08002
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Funding
- NIH/NEI
- Knut och Alice Wallenberg Foundation
- NARSAD Young Investigator Award
- NIH NRSA
- Tom F. Petersen
- NIH
- NSF
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
- Division Of Mathematical Sciences [0848804] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Mathematical Sciences
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [0848469] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Cortical gamma oscillations (20-80 Hz) predict increases in focused attention, and failure in gamma regulation is a hallmark of neurological and psychiatric disease. Current theory predicts that gamma oscillations are generated by synchronous activity of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, with the resulting rhythmic inhibition producing neural ensemble synchrony by generating a narrow window for effective excitation. We causally tested these hypotheses in barrel cortex in vivo by targeting optogenetic manipulation selectively to fast-spiking interneurons. Here we show that light-driven activation of fast-spiking interneurons at varied frequencies (8-200 Hz) selectively amplifies gamma oscillations. In contrast, pyramidal neuron activation amplifies only lower frequency oscillations, a cell-type-specific double dissociation. We found that the timing of a sensory input relative to a gamma cycle determined the amplitude and precision of evoked responses. Our data directly support the fast-spiking-gamma hypothesis and provide the first causal evidence that distinct network activity states can be induced in vivo by cell-type-specific activation.
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