Journal
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Volume 20, Issue 44, Pages -Publisher
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/44/445706
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Funding
- Stanford Global Climate Energy Project (GCEP)
- Office of Science of the US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]
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Local accumulation and dissipation of charges on the surface of oxide ion conductors resulting from electric potentials were observed with conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM). After a negative bias was applied at the tip, a sequence of surface potential maps appeared compatible with electron injection onto the electrolyte surface. Applying a positive bias, in contrast, generated a positive surface charge adjacent to the tip contact area. This observation is consistent with the formation of oxide ion vacancies on the oxide surface. In addition, oxide ion conductivity at a low temperature range (100-200 degrees C) was obtained, and the activation energy for diffusion in gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) was calculated as similar to 0.56 eV, implying that the majority of oxide ion vacancies diffuse on the surface rather than inside the bulk of the electrolyte.
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