Journal
NANOSCALE
Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 342-350Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32570e
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Funding
- Royal Society of Chemistry
- Royal Society [1212/R1]
- UK EPSRC [EP/F019823/1]
- Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN) [CTQ2007-65218, 2010-CSD2007-00006]
- Generalitat Valenciana [PROMETEO/2009/039]
- FEDER
- ISO of the Universidad de Alicante
- University of Cambridge
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [1127365] Funding Source: researchfish
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An array of copper and copper-zinc based nanoparticles (NPs) have been fabricated employing a variety of polymeric capping agents. Analysis by TEM, XRPD and XPS suggests that by manipulating reagent, reductant and solvent conditions it is possible to achieve materials that are mono-/narrow disperse with mean particle sizes in the <= 10 nm regime. Oxidative stability in air is achieved for monometallic NPs using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) anti-agglomerant in conjunction with a variety of reducing conditions. In contrast, those encapsulated by either poly(1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one) (PVP) or poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVPy) rapidly show Cu2O formation, with all data suggesting progressive oxidation from Cu to Cu@Cu2O core-shell structure and finally Cu2O. Bimetallic copper-zinc systems, reveal metal segregation and the formation of Cu2O and ZnO. Catalysts have been screened in the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles through multicomponent azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Whereas PMMA-and PVPy-coating results in reduced catalytic activity, those protected by PVP are highly active, with quantitative triazole syntheses achieved at room temperature and with catalyst loadings of 0.03 mol% metal for Cu and CuZn systems prepared using NaH2PO2, N2H4 or NaBH4 reductants.
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