Hydrothermal synthesis of copper selenides with controllable phases and morphologies from an ionic liquid precursor

Cu2-xSe nanocrystals and CuSe nanoflakes are successfully synthesized through a convenient hydrothermal method from an ionic liquid precursor 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium methylselenite ([BMIm][SeO2(OCH3)]). The phases and morphologies of the copper selenides can be controlled by simply changing the atom ratio of Cu/Se in the reactants and reaction temperature. Furthermore, it is found that the [BMIm][SeO2(OCH3)] not only serves as Se source but also has influence on the shapes of CuSe nanoflakes. The adsorption of alkyl imidazolium rings ([BMIm](+)) onto the (0001) facets of covellite CuSe prohibits the growth in the [0001] direction, and CuSe nuclei growth mainly processes along the six symmetric directions (+/-[0 (1) over bar 11], +/-[10 (1) over bar(1) over bar], and +/-[(1) over bar 100]) to form flakelike CuSe. The obtained copper selenides are characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, XPS, TEM, and HRTEM. The results indicate that the Cu2-xSe nanocrystals are nearly spherical particles with an average diameter of about 20 nm, the hexagonal CuSe nanoflakes are single crystals with an edge length of 100-400 nm and a thickness of 25-50 nm. The potential formation mechanism of the copper selenides is also proposed.