Journal
NANOMEDICINE
Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 237-252Publisher
FUTURE MEDICINE LTD
DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.58
Keywords
CpG; gold nanoparticle; influenza vaccine; influenza virus; M2e; XPS
Funding
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the NIH [R21AI099575]
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Aim: This study aimed to develop a novel influenza A vaccine by conjugating the highly conserved extracellular region of the matrix 2 protein (M2e) of influenza A virus to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and to test the vaccine in a mouse influenza challenge model. Materials & methods: Citrate-reduced AuNPs (diameter: 12 nm) were synthesized, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. M2e was conjugated to AuNPs through thiol-gold interactions to form M2e-AuNP conjugates. Particle stability was confirmed by UV-visible spectra, and M2e conjugation was further characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Mice were immunized with M2e-AuNPs with or without CpG (cytosine-guanine rich oligonucleotide) as an adjuvant with appropriate control groups. Sera was collected and M2e-specific immunoglobulin (IgG) was measured, and immunized mice were challenged with PR8-H1N1 influenza virus. Results: M2e-capped AuNPs could be lyophilized and stably resuspended in water. Intranasal vaccination of mice with M2e-AuNP conjugates induced M2e-specific IgG serum antibodies, which significantly increased upon addition of soluble CpG as adjuvant. Upon challenge with lethal PR8, mice vaccinated with M2e-AuNP conjugates were only partially protected, while mice that received soluble CpG as adjuvant in addition to M2e-AuNP were fully protected. Conclusion: Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of using the M2e-AuNP conjugates with CpG as an adjuvant as a platform for developing an influenza A vaccine. Original submitted 10 August 2012; Revised submitted 26 December 2012; Published online 5 July 2013
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