Journal
NANO RESEARCH
Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 99-112Publisher
TSINGHUA UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-013-0285-y
Keywords
graphene; chemical vapor deposition; mismatch epitaxy; structural feedback; low energy electron diffraction; angle resolved photo-emission spectroscopy (ARPES)
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Funding
- EPSRC through ULISSE grant [EP/G044864/1]
- Warwick Centre for Analytical Science [EP/F034210/1]
- Birmingham Science City: Creating and Characterising Next Generation Advanced Materials
- Advantage West Midlands
- European Regional Development Fund
- EPSRC [EP/G043647/1, EP/K005200/1, EP/F034210/1, EP/G044864/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/F034210/1, EP/G044864/1, 1102578, EP/G043647/1, EP/K005200/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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Graphene growth by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition on low cost copper foils shows great promise for large scale applications. It is known that the local crystallography of the foil influences the graphene growth rate. Here we find an epitaxial relationship between graphene and copper foil. Interfacial restructuring between graphene and copper drives the formation of (n10) facets on what is otherwise a mostly Cu(100) surface, and the facets in turn influence the graphene orientations from the onset of growth. Angle resolved photoemission shows that the electronic structure of the graphene is decoupled from the copper indicating a weak interaction between them. Despite this, two preferred orientations of graphene are found, +/- 8A degrees from the Cu[010] direction, creating a non-uniform distribution of graphene grain boundary misorientation angles. Comparison with the model system of graphene growth on single crystal Cu(110) indicates that this orientational alignment is due to mismatch epitaxy. Despite the differences in symmetry the orientation of the graphene is defined by that of the copper. We expect these observations to not only have importance for controlling and understanding the growth process for graphene on copper, but also to have wider implications for the growth of two-dimensional materials on low cost metal substrates.
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