Journal
NANO LETTERS
Volume 13, Issue 11, Pages 5570-5577Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/nl403197m
Keywords
Lithium-ion batteries; silicon; fracture energy; fracture toughness
Categories
Funding
- National Science Foundation [CMMI-1031161]
- National Science Foundation under NSF [ECS-0335765]
- DoD, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship [32 CFR 168a]
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program
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We have measured the fracture energy of lithiated silicon thin-film electrodes as a function of lithium concentration. To this end, we have constructed an electrochemical cell capable of testing multiple thin-film electrodes in parallel. The stress in the electrodes is measured during electrochemical cycling by the substrate curvature technique. The electrodes are disconnected one by one after delithiating to various states of charge, that is, to various concentrations of lithium. The electrodes are then examined by optical microscopy to determine when cracks first form. All of the observed cracks appear brittle in nature. By determining the condition for crack initiation, the fracture energy is calculated using an analysis from fracture mechanics. In the same set of experiments, the fracture energy at a second state of charge (at small concentrations of lithium) is measured by determining the maximum value of the stress during delithiation. The fracture energy was determined to be Gamma = 8.5 +/- 4.3 J/m(2) at small concentrations of lithium (similar to Li0.7Si) and have bounds of Gamma = 5.4 +/- 2.2 J/m(2) to Gamma = 6.9 +/- 1.9 J/m(2) at larger concentrations of lithium (similar to Li2.8Si). These values indicate that the fracture energy of lithiated silicon is similar to that of pure silicon and is essentially independent of the concentration of lithium. Thus, lithiated silicon demonstrates a unique ability to flow plastically and fracture in a brittle manner.
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