Journal
NANO LETTERS
Volume 11, Issue 12, Pages 5201-5207Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/nl202515a
Keywords
graphene; graphene oxide; biocompatibility; pluronic; poloxamer
Categories
Funding
- National Institute of Health [ES015024, ES013995, HL071643, HL092963, T32HL076139]
- Northwestern University Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (NUCATS) Center for Translational Innovation (CTI), National Center for Research Resources (NCCR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) [UL1 RR025741]
- NIH Roadmap for Medical Research
- Veterans Administration
- American Lung Association
- National Science Foundation [DMR-1006391]
- Environmental Protection Agency [DBI 0830117]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
- Direct For Biological Sciences [0830117] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Materials Research
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1006391] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Div Of Biological Infrastructure [0830117] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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To facilitate the proposed use of graphene and its derivative graphene oxide (GO) in widespread applications, we explored strategies that improve the biocompatibility of graphene nanomaterials in the lung. In particular, solutions of aggregated graphene, Pluronic dispersed graphene, and GO were administered directly into the lungs of mice. The introduction of GO resulted in severe and persistent lung injury. Furthermore, in cells GC) increased the rate of mitochondrial respiration and the generation of reactive oxygen species, activating inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. In contrast, this toxicity was significantly reduced in the case of pristine graphene after liquid phase exfoliation and was further minimized when the unoxidized graphene was well-dispersed with the block copolymer Pluronic. Our results demonstrate that the covalent oxidation of graphene is a major contributor to its pulmonary toxicity and suggest that dispersion of pristine graphene in Pluronic provides a pathway for the safe handling and potential biomedical application of two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials.
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