Journal
NANO LETTERS
Volume 11, Issue 8, Pages 3312-3318Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/nl201684d
Keywords
Silicon nanowire; lithium ion battery; anisotropic swelling; volume expansion; fracture; in situ TEM
Categories
Funding
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DESC0001160]
- U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-AC04-94AL85000]
- NSF [CMMI-0758554, CMMI-0825435, DMR-1008104]
- AFOSR [FA9550-08-1-0325]
- Directorate For Engineering
- Div Of Civil, Mechanical, & Manufact Inn [0928517] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Div Of Civil, Mechanical, & Manufact Inn
- Directorate For Engineering [0900692, 0758554, 1100205] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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We report direct observation of an unexpected anisotropic swelling of Si nanowires during lithiation against either a solid electrolyte with a lithium counter-electrode or a liquid electrolyte with a LiCoO2 counter-electrode. Such anisotropic expansion is attributed to the interfacial processes of accommodating large volumetric strains at the lithiation reaction front that depend sensitively on the crystallographic orientation. This anisotropic swelling results in lithiated Si nanowires with a remarkable dumbbell-shaped cross section, which develops due to plastic flow and an ensuing necking instability that is induced by the tensile hoop stress buildup in the lithiated shell. The plasticity-driven morphological instabilities often lead to fracture in lithiated nanowires, now captured in video. These results provide important insight into the battery degradation mechanisms.
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