A nano-combinatorial library strategy for the discovery of nanotubes with reduced protein-binding, cytotoxicity, and immune response

We have discovered functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes with reduced protein-binding, cytotoxicity, and immune response and the associated structure-activity relationships using in silico surface molecular diversity design, combinatorial library synthesis, and multiple biological screenings. Our results demonstrated the general utility of the nanocombinatorial library approach in nanomedicine and nanotoxicity research.