Journal
MOVEMENT DISORDERS
Volume 29, Issue 9, Pages 1108-1116Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/mds.25933
Keywords
paroxysmal dyskinesia; paroxysmal dystonia; paroxysmal choreo-athetosis; PKD; PNKD; PED; PRRT2; MR-1; GLUT-1; SLC2A1; KCNMA1
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Funding
- Medical Research Council [G1100479] Funding Source: Medline
- MRC [G1100479] Funding Source: UKRI
- Medical Research Council [G1100479] Funding Source: researchfish
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Paroxysmal movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of conditions manifesting as episodic dyskinesia with sudden onset and lasting a variable duration. Based on the difference of precipitating factors, three forms are clearly recognized, namely, paroxysmal kinesigenic (PKD), non-kinesigenic (PNKD), and exercise induced (PED). The elucidation of the genetic cause of various forms of paroxysmal dyskinesia has led to better clinical definitions based on genotype-phenotype correlations in the familial forms. However, it has been increasingly recognized that (1) there is a marked pleiotropy of mutations in such genes with still expanding clinical spectra; and (2) not all patients clinically presenting with either PKD, PNKD, or PED have mutations in these genes. We aimed to review the clinical features of 500 genetically proven cases published to date. Based on our results, it is clear that there is not a complete phenotypic-genotypic correlation, and therefore we suggest an algorithm to lead the genetic analyses. Given the fact that the reliability of current clinical categorization is not entirely valid, we further propose a novel classification for paroxysmal dyskinesias, which takes into account the recent genetic discoveries in this field. (C) 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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