Journal
AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
Volume 160, Issue -, Pages 163-171Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.014
Keywords
Organophosphate flame retardant; TDCPP; Bioconcentration; Steroid hormone; Endocrine disruption; Reproduction; Zebrafish
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Funding
- Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDB14040103]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21237005, 41276111, 41206080]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China-Research Grants Committee Joint Research Scheme [N CityU 127/12]
- Hong Kong Research Grants Council [CityU 160613]
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Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is an organophosphate flame retardant that is detectable in the environment and biota, prompting concern over its risk to wildlife and human health. Our objective was to investigate whether long-term exposure to low concentrations of TDCPP can affect fish reproduction. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to low concentrations (0, 4, 20 and 100 mu g/L) of TDCPP from 2 h post-fertilization until sexual maturation. Exposure to TDCPP significantly increased plasma estradiol and testosterone levels in females, but had no effect in males. TDCPP exposure also caused a significant reduction in fecundity as indicated by decreased egg production. Real-time PCR was performed to examine selected genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and liver. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that sex hormone levels and fecundity were related to the mRNA level of several genes in the HPG axis. Furthermore, hepatic vitellogenin (vtg1 and vtg3) expression was upregulated in both females and males, suggesting TDCPP has estrogenic activity. Histological examination revealed promotion of oocyte maturation in the females, but retardation of spermiation in males. Reduced egg quality (e.g., egg diameter) and increased malformation rates were observed in the F1 generation. Chemical analysis showed significant levels of TDCPP and its metabolite bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate in the gonads of males and females. In conclusion, long-term exposure to low concentrations of TDCPP impairs fish reproduction. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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