The abundance of (not just) dark matter haloes

We study the effect of baryons on the abundance of structures and substructures in a Lambda cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology, using a pair of high-resolution cosmological simulations from the Galaxies-Intergalactic Medium Interaction Calculation project. Both simulations use identical initial conditions, but while one contains only dark matter, the other also includes baryons. We find that gas pressure, reionization, supernova feedback, stripping and truncated accretion systematically reduce the total mass and the abundance of structures below similar to 10(12) M-circle dot compared to the pure dark matter simulation. Taking this into account and adopting an appropriate detection threshold lower the abundance of observed galaxies with maximum circular velocities upsilon(max) < 100 km s(-1), significantly reducing the reported discrepancy between Lambda CDM and the measured H I velocity function of the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey. We also show that the stellar-to-total mass ratios of galaxies with stellar masses of similar to 10(5)-10(7) M-circle dot inferred from abundance matching of the (sub) halo mass function to the observed galaxy mass function increase by a factor of similar to 2. In addition, we find that an important fraction of low-mass subhaloes are completely devoid of stars. Accounting for the presence of dark subhaloes below 10(10) M-circle dot further reduces the abundance of observable objects and leads to an additional increase in the inferred stellar-to-total mass ratio by factors of 2-10 for galaxies in haloes of 10(9)-10(10) M-circle dot. This largely reconciles the abundance matching results with the kinematics of individual dwarf galaxies in Lambda CDM. We propose approximate corrections to the masses of objects derived from pure dark matter calculations to account for baryonic effects.