Seeing through the trough: outflows and the detectability of Lyα emission from the first galaxies

The next generation of telescopes aim to directly observe the first generation of galaxies that initiated the reionization process in our Universe. The Ly alpha emission line is robustly predicted to be the most prominent intrinsic spectral feature of these galaxies, making it an ideal target to search for and study high-redshift galaxies. Unfortunately, the large Gunn-Peterson optical depth of the surrounding neutral intergalactic medium (IGM) is thought to render this line extremely difficult to detect prior to reionization. In this paper, we demonstrate that the radiative transfer effects in the interstellarmedium (ISM), which cause Ly alpha flux to emerge from galaxies at frequencies where the Gunn-Peterson optical depth is reduced, can substantially enhance the prospects for the detection of the Ly alpha line at high redshift. In particular, scattering off outflows of interstellar HI gas can modify the Ly alpha spectral line shape such that greater than or similar to 5 per cent of the emitted Ly alpha radiation is transmitted directly to the observer, even through a fully neutral IGM. It may therefore be possible to directly observe 'strong' Ly alpha emission lines (EW greater than or similar to 50 angstrom rest frame) from the highest redshift galaxies that reside in the smallest HII 'bubbles' early in the reionization era with James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). In addition, we show that outflows can boost the fraction of Ly alpha radiation that is transmitted through the IGM during the later stages of reionization, and even post-reionization. Coupled with the fact that the first generation of galaxies are thought to have very large intrinsic equivalent Ly alpha equivalent widths, our results suggest that the search for galaxies in their redshifted Ly alpha emission line can be competitive with the drop-out technique out to the highest redshifts that can be probed in the JWST era.