Journal
MOLECULES
Volume 16, Issue 6, Pages 4451-4466Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/molecules16064451
Keywords
bismuth modified electrodes; voltammetry; neonicotinoids; clothianidin; imidacloprid
Funding
- Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia [172012]
- Secretariat for Science and Technological Development of AP Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia [114-451-02011/2007-02]
- CEEPUS II network [CII-CZ-0212-04-1011]
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Two types of bismuth modified electrodes, a bismuth-film modified glassy carbon (BiF-GCE) and a bismuth bulk modified carbon paste, were applied for the determination of selected nitroguanidine neonicotinoid insecticides. The method based on an ex situ prepared BiF-GCE operated in the differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) mode was applied to determine clothianidin in the concentration range from 2.5 to 23 mu g cm(-3) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) not exceeding 1.5%. The tricresyl phosphate-based carbon paste electrodes (TCP-CPEs), bulk modified with 5 and 20 w/w% of bismuth, showed a different analytical performance in the determination of imidacloprid, regarding the peak shape, potential window, and noise level. The TCP-CPE with 5% Bi was advantageous, and the developed DPV method based on it allowed the determination in the concentration range from 1.7 to 60 mu g cm(-3) with an RSD of 2.4%. To get a deeper insight into the morphology of the bismuth-based sensor surfaces, scanning electron microscopic measurements were performed of both the surface film and the bulk modified electrodes.
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