Journal
MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY
Volume 17, Issue 10, Pages 960-987Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.138
Keywords
persistent ADHD; molecular genetics; heritability; endophenotype; IMpACT
Funding
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [KFO 125, SFB 581, SFB TRR 58, GRK 1156, GRK 1253]
- Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung [BMBF 01GV0605]
- Agencia de Gestio d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca-AGAUR [2009GR00971]
- Health Department (Government of Catalonia)
- Alicia Koplowitz Foundation
- Fundacio La Marato de TV3 [092330/31]
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FIS [PI080519]
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [433-09-229, 433-09-242]
- CNPq
- CAPES
- PRONEX
- FAPERGS-DECIT-PPSUS
- Research Council of Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders
- Western Norway Regional Health Authority
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The adult form of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aADHD) has a prevalence of up to 5% and is the most severe long-term outcome of this common neurodevelopmental disorder. Family studies in clinical samples suggest an increased familial liability for aADHD compared with childhood ADHD (cADHD), whereas twin studies based on self-rated symptoms in adult population samples show moderate heritability estimates of 30-40%. However, using multiple sources of information, the heritability of clinically diagnosed aADHD and cADHD is very similar. Results of candidate gene as well as genome-wide molecular genetic studies in aADHD samples implicate some of the same genes involved in ADHD in children, although in some cases different alleles and different genes may be responsible for adult versus childhood ADHD. Linkage studies have been successful in identifying loci for aADHD and led to the identification of LPHN3 and CDH13 as novel genes associated with ADHD across the lifespan. In addition, studies of rare genetic variants have identified probable causative mutations for aADHD. Use of endophenotypes based on neuropsychology and neuroimaging, as well as next-generation genome analysis and improved statistical and bioinformatic analysis methods hold the promise of identifying additional genetic variants involved in disease etiology. Large, international collaborations have paved the way for well-powered studies. Progress in identifying aADHD risk genes may provide us with tools for the prediction of disease progression in the clinic and better treatment, and ultimately may help to prevent persistence of ADHD into adulthood. Molecular Psychiatry (2012) 17, 960-987; doi:10.1038/mp.2011.138; published online 22 November 2011
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