Journal
MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pages 1328-1339Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.129
Keywords
schizophrenia; cognitive deficit; gene expression; mitochondrial function
Funding
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia [37580400, 37580900, 634551]
- North Metropolitan Health Area, Perth, Western Australia
- National Nuclear Security Administration of the US Department of Energy [DE-AC52-06NA25396]
- NARSAD
- MRC (UK)
- Schizophrenia Research Institute
- Macquarie Group Foundation
- NSW Health
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In a previous study, we detected a 6p25-p24 region linked to schizophrenia in families with high composite cognitive deficit (CD) scores, a quantitative trait integrating multiple cognitive measures. Association mapping of a 10 Mb interval identified a 260 kb region with a cluster of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with CD scores and memory performance. The region contains two colocalising genes, LYRM4 and FARS2, both encoding mitochondrial proteins. The two tagging SNPs with strongest evidence of association were located around the overlapping putative promoters, with rs2224391 predicted to alter a transcription factor binding site (TFBS). Sequencing the promoter region identified 22 SNPs, many predicted to affect TFBSs, in a tight linkage disequilibrium block. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed promoter activity in the predicted promoter region, and demonstrated marked downregulation of expression in the LYRM4 direction under the haplotype comprising the minor alleles of promoter SNPs, which however is not driven by rs2224391. Experimental evidence from LYRM4 expression in lymphoblasts, gel-shift assays and modelling of DNA breathing dynamics pointed to two adjacent promoter SNPs, rs7752203-rs4141761, as the functional variants affecting expression. Their C-G alleles were associated with higher transcriptional activity and preferential binding of nuclear proteins, whereas the G-A combination had opposite effects and was associated with poor memory and high CD scores. LYRM4 is a eukaryote-specific component of the mitochondrial biogenesis of Fe-S clusters, essential cofactors in multiple processes, including oxidative phosphorylation. LYRM4 downregulation may be one of the mechanisms involved in inefficient oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress, increasingly recognised as contributors to schizophrenia pathogenesis. Molecular Psychiatry (2012) 17, 1328-1339; doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.129; published online 4 October 2011
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