Journal
MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH
Volume 56, Issue 11, Pages 1605-1616Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200363
Keywords
Blood pressure; Cardiovascular disease; Dose response; Flavonoids; Flow-mediated dilation
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Funding
- Barry Callebaut
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for BBSRC-CASE
- Unilever Research
- G. S. K
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/F/00044434] Funding Source: researchfish
- BBSRC [BBS/E/F/00044434] Funding Source: UKRI
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Scope Previous systematic reviews suggest beneficial effects of flavonoids on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but have overlooked the impact of dose response or food complexity. The aim of the present study was to examine the relative impact of composition, flavonoid structure and dose. Methods and results MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of flavonoids or flavonoid-rich foods/extracts. Flavonoid composition was established using United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Phenol-Explorer databases. Effects of six flavonoid subgroups on endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation; FMD), and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were assessed by random effects meta-analyses and regression analyses. Meta-analyses of combined flavonoid subclasses showed significant improvements in FMD (chronic, 0.73% (0.17, 1.30) 14 RCTs; acute, 2.33% (1.58, 3.08) 18 RCTs) and blood pressures (systolic, 1.46 mmHg (2.38, 0.53) 63 RCTs; diastolic, 1.25 mmHg (1.82, 0.67) 63 RCTs). Similar benefits were observed for the flavan-3-ol, catechol flavonoids (catechins, quercetin, cyanidin etc.), procyanidins, epicatechin and catechin subgroups. Dose-response relationships were non-linear for FMD (R2 = 0.30), with greater associations observed when applying polynomial regression analyses (R2 = 0.72); there was no indication of a dose response for blood pressure. Conclusion The present analysis suggests that flavonoid bioactivity does not follow a classical linear dose-response association and this may have important biological implications.
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