Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 538, Issue -, Pages 959-965Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.101
Keywords
Organophosphate esters; Drinking water; Exposure assessment; Non-cancer risk; Carcinogenic risk
Categories
Funding
- National Nature Science Foundation of China [21377108]
- Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [LY13B070001]
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University
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Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the environment and may pose potential health risks to humans. Drinking water is suspected as one possible exposure pathway of OPEs to humans. In this study, we investigated the residues of 9 OPEs in five types of drinking water in Eastern China. The median concentrations of Sigma 9OPEs were determined to be 3.99, 4.50, 27.6, 59.2 and 192 ng/L in the bottled, well, barreled, direct drinking and tap waters, respectively. Triethyl phosphate (TEP) was the most abundant OPE in the tap water and filtered drinking water with median concentrations of 50.2 and 30.2 ng/L, respectively. The mixture of tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tri(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), named here as TCPP, dominated in the barreled and well water with median concentrations of 8.04 and 2.49 ng/L, respectively. The calculated average daily doses of OPEs ranged from 0.14 to 7.07 ng/kg bw/day for people consuming the five different types of drinking water. Among the drinking water, the tap water exhibited the highest exposure doses of OPEs. The calculated non-cancer hazard quotients (10(-4)-10(-7)) from OPEs were much lower than the theoretical threshold of risk. The carcinogenic risks posed by TCEP were very low (<10(-7)) for all types of drinking water. The results revealed that there was currently low risk to human health from exposure to OPEs through drinking water in Eastern China. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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