Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 506, Issue -, Pages 36-45Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.097
Keywords
By-products; Chlorination; Cytostatics; Etoposide; Orbitrap mass spectrometer; Water samples
Categories
Funding
- EU [265264, 603437]
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [CSD2009-00065]
- Generalitat de Catalunya (Consolidated Research Groups Water and Soil Quality Unit) [2014 SGR 418, 2014 SGR 291-ICRA]
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Once discharged into the sewage system, many pharmaceuticals may undergo degradation reactions in the presence of chemical disinfectants, generating by-products that may possess enhanced toxicity relative to the parent compounds. For this reason, the stability of the widely used cytostatic etoposide in chlorinated water has been investigated for the first time in the present work. Taking advantage of the high-resolution/accurate-mass capabilities of the hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer Q Exactive, two new oxidation by-products of etoposide were reliably identified. The time course of etoposide and its by-products was followed at different pH values, free chlorine concentrations and water matrices. Finally, the occurrence of etoposide and its major identified by-product (3'-O-desmethyl etoposide) was investigated in real water samples by on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a 4000QTRAP hybrid quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer. The etoposide by-product was found in various river and wastewater samples at levels between 14 and 33 ng L-1, whereas etoposide was not detected in any sample. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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