Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in street dust of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

In this study the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) in street dust samples was investigated using pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, Street dust samples were taken from rural, urban, industrial and industrially influenced urban areas. PCB6 concentrations ranged from 5090 +/- 2200 mu g/kg (average standard error of mean) in dusts from industrial premises to 29 +/- 8.7 mu g/kg in rural areas. Concentration ranges were for dioxin-like PCB toxicity equivalents (dl-PCB TEQ) from 362 +/- 164 ng/kg (industrial premises) to 6.5 +/- 1.8 ng/kg (rural areas), and for PCDD/PCDF TEQ from 503 +/- 448 ng/kg to 2.4 +/- 0.13 ng/kg, respectively. Area concentrations of PCB6 (0.040 mu g/m(2)-22 mu g/m(2)), dl-PCB TEQ (0.0038 ng/m(2)-2.6 ng/m(2)) and PCDD/PCDF TEQs (14 pg/m(2)-1980 pg/m(2)) were estimated. Furthermore, particle size related concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/PCDFs in street dusts were analysed showing throughout almost all samples a distinctive trend of increasing concentrations with decreasing particle sizes. Characterization of homologue patterns of PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs in street dusts was performed showing a dependence of homologue patterns on different area types, especially for PCBs. It could be demonstrated that the analysis of concentrations in combination with specific homologue patterns of PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs in street dust samples enables allocation of potential emission sources. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.