Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 533, Issue -, Pages 476-487Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.053
Keywords
Tire and road wear particles; Environmental availability; Environmental fate; Sediment; Upflow percolation test
Categories
Funding
- Tire Industry Project
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Automobile tires require functional rubber additives including curing agents and antioxidants, which are potentially environmentally available from tire and road wear particles (TRWP) deposited in soil and sediment. A novel methodology was employed to evaluate the environmental fate of three commonly-used tire chemicals (N-cyclohexylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide (CBS), N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) and 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG)), using a road simulator, an artificial weathering chamber, column leaching tests, and OECD 308 sediment/water incubator studies. Environmental release factors were quantified for curing (f(C)), tire wear (f(W)), terrestrial weathering (f(S)), leaching from TRWP (f(L)), and environmental availability from TRWP (f(A)) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS) analyses. Cumulative fractions representing total environmental availability (F-T) and release to water (F-R) were calculated for the tire chemicals and 13 transformation products. F-T for CBS, DPG and 6-PPD inclusive of transformation products for an accelerated terrestrial aging time in soil of 0.1 years was 0.08, 0.1, and 0.06, respectively (equivalent to 6 to 10% of formulated mass). In contrast, a wider range of 5.5 x 10(-4) (6-PPD) to 0.06 (CBS) was observed for F-R at an accelerated age of 0.1 years, reflecting the importance of hydrophobicity and solubility for determining the release to the water phase. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in the weathering factor, f(S), were observed when chemicals were categorized by boiling point or hydrolysis rate constant. A significant difference in the leaching factor, f(L), and environmental availability factor, f(A), was also observed when chemicals were categorized by log K-ow. Our methodology should be useful for lifecycle analysis of other functional polymer chemicals. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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