Binding of the anticancer alkaloid sanguinarine to double stranded RNAs: Insights into the structural and energetics aspects

Elucidation of the molecular aspects of small molecule-RNA complexation is of prime importance for rational RNA targeted drug design strategies. Towards this, the interaction of the cytotoxic plant alkaloid sanguinarine to three double stranded ribonucleic acids, poly (A). poly(U), poly(I). poly(C) and poly(C). poly(G) was studied using various biophysical and thermodynamic techniques. Absorbance and fluorescence studies showed that the alkaloid bound cooperatively to these RNAs with binding affinities of the order 10(4) M-1. Fluorescence quenching and hydrodynamic studies gave evidence for intercalation of sanguinarine to these RNA duplexes. Isothermal titration calorimetric studies revealed that the binding was characterized by negative enthalpy and positive entropy changes and the affinity constants derived were in agreement with the overall binding affinity values obtained from spectroscopic data. The binding of sanguinarine stabilized the melting of poly(A). poly(U) and poly(I).poly(C) and the binding data evaluated from the melting data were in agreement with that obtained from other techniques. The overall binding affinity of sanguinarine to these double stranded RNAs varied in the order, poly(A). poly(U) > poly(I).poly(C) >> poly(C). poly(G). The temperature dependence of the enthalpy changes afforded negative values of heat capacity changes for the binding of sanguinarine to poly(A). poly(U) and poly(I). poly(C), suggesting substantial hydrophobic contribution in the binding process. Further, enthalpy-entropy compensation phenomena was also seen in poly(A). poly(U) and poly(I). poly(C) systems that correlated to the strong binding involving a multiplicity of weak noncovalent interactions compared to the weak binding with poly(C). poly(G). These results further advance our understanding on the binding of small molecules that are specific binders to double stranded RNA sequences.