Journal
SCIENCE
Volume 349, Issue 6251, Pages 966-970Publisher
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.aad1173
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Funding
- NSF [DEB-1241041, IOS-1349178]
- U.S. Geological Survey Climate Change Research Program
- University of Montana IACUC [059-10TMMCWRU]
- Division Of Environmental Biology
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1241041] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1349178] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Life history theory attempts to explain why species differ in offspring number and quality, growth rate, and parental effort. I show that unappreciated interactions of these traits in response to age-related mortality risk challenge traditional perspectives and explain life history evolution in songbirds. Counter to a long-standing paradigm, tropical songbirds grow at similar overall rates to temperate species but grow wings relatively faster. These growth tactics are favored by predation risk, both in and after leaving the nest, and are facilitated by greater provisioning of individual offspring by parents. Increased provisioning of individual offspring depends on partitioning effort among fewer young because of constraints on effort from adult and nest mortality. These growth and provisioning responses to mortality risk finally explain the conundrum of small clutch sizes of tropical birds.
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