Journal
MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVIEWS
Volume 74, Issue 2, Pages 200-+Publisher
AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00008-10
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health [R01 AI065853]
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute
- Bloomberg Family Foundation
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES [R01AI065853] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Lipoic acid [(R)-5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoic acid] is an enzyme cofactor required for intermediate metabolism in free-living cells. Lipoic acid was discovered nearly 60 years ago and was shown to be covalently attached to proteins in several multicomponent dehydrogenases. Cells can acquire lipoate (the deprotonated charge form of lipoic acid that dominates at physiological pH) through either scavenging or de novo synthesis. Microbial pathogens implement these basic lipoylation strategies with a surprising variety of adaptations which can affect pathogenesis and virulence. Similarly, lipoylated proteins are responsible for effects beyond their classical roles in catalysis. These include roles in oxidative defense, bacterial sporulation, and gene expression. This review surveys the role of lipoate metabolism in bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens and how these organisms have employed this metabolism to adapt to niche environments.
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