Journal
METABOLOMICS
Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 353-362Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11306-010-0262-3
Keywords
Chiral drugs; Metabolic profiling; Warfarin
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Funding
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- [NMRC/EDG/0033/2008]
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Warfarin is a commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant with narrow therapeutic index. It achieves anti-coagulating effects by interfering with the vitamin K cycle. Warfarin has two enantiomers, S(-) and R(+) and undergoes stereoselective metabolism, with the S(-) enantiomer being more effective. We reported the intracellular metabolic profile in HepG2 cells incubated with S(-) and R(+) warfarin by GCMS. Chemometric method PCA was applied to analyze the individual samples. A total of 80 metabolites which belong to different categories were identified. Two batches of experiments (with and without the presence of vitamin K) were designed. In samples incubated with S(-) and R(+) warfarin, glucuronic acid showed significantly decreased in cells incubated with R(+) warfarin but not in those incubated with S(-) warfarin. It may partially explain the lower bio-activity of R(+) warfarin. And arachidonic acid showed increased in cells incubated with S(-) warfarin but not in those incubated with R(+) warfarin. In addition, a number of small molecules involved in gamma-glutamyl cycle displayed ratio variations. Intracellular glutathione detection further validated the results. Taken together, our findings provided molecular evidence on a comprehensive metabolic profile on warfarin-cell interaction which may shed new lights on future improvement of warfarin therapy.
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