1H NMR and GC/MS metabolomics of earthworm responses to sub-lethal DDT and endosulfan exposure

The metabolic response of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to two pesticides, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and endosulfan, was characterized in contact tests using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1 NMR) and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA loading plots suggested that maltose, leucine and alanine were important metabolites contributing to the differences in dosed and control earthworms for both compounds at doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mu g/cm(2). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to quantify the metabolites identified in E. fetida and determine if the changes in maltose, leucine and alanine following exposure to DDT and endosulfan (at 0.5 and 1.0 mu g/cm(2)) were reproducible and greater than the natural variability. Quantification by GC/MS suggested that maltose was not a reliable biomarker since it both increased and decreased in earthworms exposed to DDT and increased by just 3% with exposure to endosulfan. Leucine was not stable with the GC/MS derivitization method used in this study and could not be confirmed as a reliable biomarker. However, alanine consistently increased for both DDT and endosulfan exposed E. fetida. Alanine showed considerable variability in control earthworms (+/- 41.6%), yet the variability in alanine to glycine ratios was just +/- 10.5%. Increases in the alanine to glycine ratio were statistically significant at the P = 0.05 level for the 1.0 mu g/cm(2) DDT dose and both the 0.5 and 1.0 mu g/cm(2) endosulfan doses, suggesting that deviations from the normal homeostatic ratio of 1.5 for alanine to glycine is a potential biomarker of DDT and endosulfan exposure warranting further study.