Investigation of energy dependence of EBT and EBT-2 Gafchromic film

Methods: Lots of Gafchromic EBT film manufactured in 2004 and 2005 together with more recent batches produced in 2007 were evaluated for energy dependence. Multiple batches of EBT-2 film were also evaluated. Energy dependence was quantified as R-x-the ratio of net optical density (netOD) measured at a given energy x relative to the netOD measured at 6 MV, as measured on a linear accelerator. R-x was evaluated for beam qualities of 105 and 220 kVp on a clinical orthovoltage unit using two separate techniques-a flatbed scanner (Epson) and a real-time fiber-optic readout system. Neutron activation analysis for chlorine and bromine content was performed on all the films to determine whether the composition of the film had changed between batches of film exhibiting different energy dependence responses. Results: For batches of EBT manufactured in 2007, R-105 kVp was 0.75 and R-220 kVp was 0.85, indicating an under-response at orthovoltage energies. These results were confirmed using both the Epson flatbed scanner as well as the real-time readout system. For batches of EBT film manufactured before 2006, R-105 kVp ranged from 0.9 to 1.0. The results from the neutron activation analysis confirmed a direct relationship between the concentration of chlorine and the magnitude of under-response at orthovoltage energies. EBT-2 film exhibited R-105 kVp values ranging from 0.79 (under-response) to 1.20 (over-response) among batches containing varying concentrations of bromine, chlorine, and potassium. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that differences in energy response of EBT and EBT-2 films were due to differences in the chemical composition and therefore the effective atomic number of the film, which have changed over time. To achieve an energy independent dosimeter over a range of kilovoltage energies, the effective atomic number of the dosimeter must be closely matched to that of water. Small deviations in chemical composition can lead to large deviations in response as a function of energy.