Are two heads better than one? Comparing dyad and self-regulated learning in simulation training

ContextThe optimal learner to simulator ratio for procedural skills training is not known. Research in motor learning suggests observational training in pairs, termed dyad training', may be as effective as directed self-regulated learning (DSRL). ObjectivesThis study was conducted to compare the relative effectiveness and efficiency of dyad versus DSRL training of simulation-based lumbar puncture (LP). MethodsWe conducted a two-group randomised equivalence trial. First-year internal medicine residents (n=50) were randomly assigned to learn LP either in dyads or as individual learners on a simulator, using a directed self-regulated approach (i.e. the learning sequence was defined for them, but they defined the pace of learning). Participants were videotaped performing a simulated LP on a pre-test, an immediate post-test, and a 6-week delayed retention test. In duplicate, blinded raters independently evaluated all trainee performances using a previously validated 5-point global rating scale (GRS) and 35-item checklist. ResultsOur analyses showed no significant differences (p=0.69) on pre-test, post-test or retention test GRS scores between the dyad (meanstandard deviation [SD] scores by test: 2.390.57, 3.48 +/- 0.62, 3.12 +/- 0.85, respectively) and DSRL (mean +/- SD scores by test: 2.67 +/- 0.50, 3.34 +/- 0.77, 3.21 +/- 0.79, respectively) groups. Both groups improved significantly from pre-test to post-test (p<0.001) and retained that performance following the 6-week delay. Dyad participants experienced significantly greater pre-test to post-test gains than DSRL participants (p=0.02). There was no significant difference in total practice time between the groups (20.94minutes for individuals and 24.20minutes for dyads; p=0.175). ConclusionsOur results indicate that learning in pairs is as effective as independent DSRL. Dyad training permits the more efficient use of simulators as two learners use the same resources as an individual.